Resurgence of Boko Haram in Borno State: A Critical Analysis

Resurgence of Boko Haram in Borno State: A Critical Analysis

In recent months, Borno State in northeastern Nigeria has witnessed a troubling resurgence of Boko Haram activities. This escalation has led to increased attacks, kidnappings, and territorial gains by the insurgent group and its offshoot, the Islamic State West Africa Province (ISWAP). The deteriorating security situation underscores significant challenges in Nigeria's counterinsurgency efforts and raises concerns about regional stability.

Historical Context

Boko Haram, officially known as Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awati wal-Jihad, emerged in the early 2000s with the aim of establishing an Islamic state in Nigeria. The group's insurgency began in 2009, leading to widespread violence, displacement, and humanitarian crises. In 2015, Boko Haram pledged allegiance to the Islamic State, resulting in the formation of ISWAP. Despite military offensives and regional collaborations, both groups have continued to pose significant security threats in the Lake Chad Basin region.

Recent Developments

As of April 2025, reports indicate a marked increase in Boko Haram and ISWAP activities in Borno State. Governor Babagana Zulum has expressed alarm over the renewed attacks and the apparent inability of security forces to repel the insurgents effectively. He noted that the dislodgement of military formations in areas such as Wajirko, Sabon Gari in Damboa Local Government, Wulgo in Gamboru Ngala, and Izge in Gwoza Local Government signifies a setback in the state's security situation. 

In March 2025, coordinated attacks by suspected Boko Haram and ISWAP fighters targeted two Nigerian military bases in Borno State. The assaults resulted in the deaths of at least four soldiers and highlighted the insurgents' growing boldness. The first attack occurred in Wajiroko, where militants overran an army forward operation base and set military equipment ablaze. Almost simultaneously, a second base in Wulgo, near the Cameroon border, was attacked. 

Furthermore, in January 2025, a suicide bombing in Malam Fatori targeted Nigerian troops, resulting in the deaths of 27 soldiers. The attacker drove an explosives-laden vehicle into a convoy of advancing troops, underscoring the insurgents' continued use of suicide tactics. 

Factors Contributing to the Resurgence

Several factors have contributed to the recent resurgence of Boko Haram and ISWAP in Borno State:

1. Withdrawal of Regional Support: In March 2025, Niger's ruling junta announced its withdrawal from the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF), a regional coalition formed to combat armed Islamist groups in the Lake Chad area. This decision reflects Niger's intent to focus on securing its oil sites but has inadvertently weakened the collective regional effort against insurgents. 

2. Overstretched Nigerian Military: Nigeria's military is currently engaged in multiple security operations across the country, including combating criminal gangs in the northwest and addressing farmer-herder conflicts in the central region. This dispersion of forces has limited the military's capacity to effectively address the insurgency in the northeast. 

3. Adoption of Advanced Tactics by Insurgents: Boko Haram and ISWAP have adapted their strategies over time, incorporating the use of drones for surveillance and attacks. This technological advancement has enhanced their operational capabilities, making them more formidable adversaries. 

4. Internal Rivalries and Fragmentation: While internal conflicts between Boko Haram and ISWAP have previously weakened the groups, recent developments suggest a possible realignment or temporary cessation of hostilities between them, allowing for coordinated attacks against common targets. 

Humanitarian Impact

The resurgence of insurgent activities has had devastating humanitarian consequences. Civilians have borne the brunt of the violence, with reports of mass killings, abductions, and displacement. In January 2025, at least 40 farmers were killed by suspected Boko Haram militants in Borno State. The victims were reportedly rounded up and executed, highlighting the insurgents' brutality.

Additionally, the increased violence has exacerbated the displacement crisis in the region. According to the United Nations, the conflict has resulted in over 2 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) in northeastern Nigeria. The resurgence of attacks threatens to increase this number, placing additional strain on already overstretched humanitarian resources.

Government and Military Response

In response to the escalating violence, Governor Zulum has called for enhanced technological warfare to combat the insurgents. He emphasized the need for deploying advanced technology to stem the tide of renewed attacks, particularly in the Sahelian regions of Borno that share international borders with Chad, Niger, and Cameroon. 

The Nigerian military has also intensified its operations against the insurgents. Between January 7 and January 13, 2025, troops reportedly killed 76 Islamic militants in various parts of Borno State. Additionally, 72 suspects were arrested, and eight hostages were rescued during these operations.

However, these efforts have faced criticism. The military's inability to prevent the recent attacks and the dislodgement of its formations have raised questions about its operational effectiveness and strategy. The Federal Government and Governor Zulum have expressed differing views on the situation, with the governor highlighting the state's loss of ground to insurgents and the government emphasizing ongoing military efforts.

Challenges and Recommendations

The resurgence of Boko Haram in Borno State has presented significant challenges to Nigeria's counterinsurgency efforts. Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach that encompasses military, political, economic, and social strategies.

Challenges

1. Limited Regional Cooperation: The withdrawal of Niger from the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) has weakened regional collaboration against Boko Haram. This reduction in joint operations hampers the effectiveness of cross-border counterinsurgency efforts.

2. Humanitarian Concerns: The government's resettlement of internally displaced persons (IDPs) to areas still vulnerable to insurgent attacks raises safety concerns. Many returnees face inadequate security and lack essential services, increasing their susceptibility to further displacement or harm.

3. Civilian Casualties: Military airstrikes intended to target insurgents have, at times, resulted in civilian deaths. These incidents not only cause loss of innocent lives but also erode public trust in the military's operations. 

4. Human Rights Violations: There have been allegations of abuses by security forces and allied groups, including the Civilian Joint Task Force (CJTF). Such actions can alienate local communities and hinder intelligence-gathering efforts. 

Recommendations

1. Strengthen Regional Alliances: Nigeria should engage diplomatically with neighboring countries to revitalize and reinforce the MNJTF. Collaborative intelligence-sharing and joint operations are crucial for addressing the transnational nature of the insurgency. 

2. Enhance Civil-Military Relations: Implementing community engagement programs can build trust between security forces and local populations. Training military personnel on human rights and establishing mechanisms for accountability can reduce incidents of abuse.

3. Invest in Technology and Training: Modernizing military equipment and providing specialized training in counterinsurgency tactics can improve operational effectiveness. Emphasizing the use of precision-guided munitions can minimize collateral damage. 

4. Address Root Causes: Beyond military measures, addressing socio-economic factors that fuel insurgency is vital. Investing in education, particularly for women, can counter extremist ideologies and promote long-term stability. 

5. Monitor and Regulate Vigilante Groups: While groups like the CJTF play a role in local security, it's essential to ensure they operate within the bounds of the law. Providing training, oversight, and integrating them into formal security structures can enhance their effectiveness and accountability. 

In conclusion, a comprehensive strategy that combines military prowess with socio-economic development, regional cooperation, and respect for human rights is imperative to counter the resurgence of Boko Haram in Borno State.